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Second-order cybernetics

Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science".[1] Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s[note 1] by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead. Foerster referred to it as "the control of control and the communication of communication" and differentiated first order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observed systems" and second-order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observing systems".[4]

The concept of second-order cybernetics is closely allied to radical constructivism, which was developed around the same time by Ernst von Glasersfeld.[5] While it is sometimes considered a break from the earlier concerns of cybernetics, there is much continuity with previous work and it can be thought of as a distinct tradition within cybernetics, with origins in issues evident during the Macy conferences in which cybernetics was initially developed.[6][7][8] Its concerns include autonomy, epistemology, ethics, language, reflexivity, self-consistency, self-referentiality, and self-organizing capabilities of complex systems. It has been characterised as cybernetics where "circularity is taken seriously".[9]

  1. ^ a b Glanville, R. (2002). "Second order cybernetics." In F. Parra-Luna (ed.), Systems science and cybernetics. In Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Oxford: EoLSS.
  2. ^ Mead, Margaret. "The Cybernetics of Cybernetics." In Purposive Systems, edited by Heinz von Foerster, John D. White, Larry J. Peterson and John K. Russell, 1–11. New York: Spartan Books, 1968.
  3. ^ Pask, Gordon. Conversation Theory: Applications in Education and Epistemology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976.
  4. ^ Foerster, Heinz von, ed. Cybernetics of Cybernetics: Or, the Control of Control and the Communication of Communication. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Future Systems, 1995.
  5. ^ Glanville, R. (2013). "Radical constructivism = second order cybernetics". Cybernetics and Human Knowing, 19(4), 27–42.
  6. ^ Umpleby, Stuart, and Eric Dent. "The Origins and Purposes of Several Traditions in Systems Theory and Cybernetics." Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal 30, no. 2 (1999): 79–103. doi:10.1080/019697299125299
  7. ^ Umpleby, S. (2008). "A brief history of cybernetics in the United States." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften [Austrian Journal for History Science] 19/4, 2008, pp. 28–40. doi:10.25365/oezg-2008-19-4-3
  8. ^ Brand, S., Bateson, G., & Mead, M. (1976). "For God's Sake, Margaret: Conversation with Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead". CoEvolutionary Quarterly, 10, 32–44.
  9. ^ Glanville, R. (2004). "The purpose of second-order cybernetics." Kybernetes, 33(9/10), 1379–1386. doi:10.1108/03684920410556016


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